Elements of Pressurized Irrigation Network Systems (PINS): Components, Functions, and Flow Line Structure

 

Introduction

Pressurized Irrigation Network Systems (PINS) are engineered solutions designed to deliver water under controlled pressure to agricultural fields with high efficiency, uniformity, and reliability. These systems integrate mechanical, hydraulic, and agronomic components to ensure that every part of the farm receives the required amount of water at the right time. Understanding the key elements of a PINS system is essential for effective design, installation, and operation.

This article explores the core components of PINS — pipelines, pumps, valves, and appurtenances — and presents a typical flow sequence of system elements, illustrating how water moves from source to field.


1. Pipelines

Function

Pipelines are the primary conveyance medium in a PINS, transporting water under pressure from the source to various irrigation zones and emitters.

Types

  • Mainline: Transports water from the source (pump or reservoir) to sub-main or distribution lines.

  • Sub-main: Branches off from the mainline and supplies multiple laterals.

  • Laterals: Final-stage lines that deliver water to emitters (drippers, sprinklers).

Materials

  • HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene): Flexible, durable, UV-resistant; widely used.

  • PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Common for buried pipelines; economical and rigid.

  • LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene): Used for drip laterals and emitter lines.

  • GI/Steel: Used near pump stations or for high-pressure applications.


2. Pumps

Function

Pumps provide the necessary pressure head to move water through the network, overcoming friction losses, elevation differences, and terminal pressure requirements at the emitters.

Types

  • Centrifugal Pumps: Most common; efficient for moderate pressure and high flow.

  • Submersible Pumps: Used where water is drawn from deep wells or reservoirs.

  • Booster Pumps: Installed along the line to maintain pressure in extended networks.

  • Vertical Turbine Pumps: Preferred in large-scale systems requiring high lift.

Selection Criteria

  • Flow rate requirement (L/s or m³/h)

  • Total dynamic head (TDH) needed

  • Energy source (electric, diesel, solar)

  • Operating efficiency and maintenance needs


3. Valves

Valves are essential for controlling, regulating, and isolating water flow in pressurized irrigation systems. They enhance system reliability and operational flexibility.

Common Valve Types and Their Roles

Gate Valve

  • Used for complete shut-off or isolation of pipeline sections.

  • Low head loss, ideal for mainlines and sub-mains.

Ball Valve

  • Used in lateral lines and near field devices.

  • Quick operation with simple ON/OFF control.

Butterfly Valve

  • Used in large-diameter pipelines; compact and cost-effective.

  • Offers throttling control with low-pressure drop.

Non-Return Valve (NRV) / Check Valve

  • Prevents backflow of water, protecting pumps and filters.

  • Commonly placed at pump discharge.

Pressure Relief Valve

  • Protects the system from overpressure by discharging excess pressure.

  • Installed after pumps or at pressure-sensitive locations.

Pressure Regulating Valve (PRV)

  • Maintains consistent downstream pressure despite upstream fluctuations.

  • Ensures uniform emitter performance.

Air Release Valve

  • Expels trapped air during pipeline filling and operation.

  • Prevents air hammer and flow disruption.

Flush Valve

  • Placed at lateral ends to clean out sediments and debris.

  • Essential for maintenance in drip systems.


4. Filters and Appurtenances

Filters

Filtration is crucial to protect emitters from clogging, especially in drip and micro-sprinkler systems.

  • Screen Filters: For clean water with minimal suspended solids.

  • Disk Filters: Effective for organic and inorganic debris; self-cleaning models available.

  • Sand (Media) Filters: Used for high-turbidity water; suitable for organic-heavy sources like surface ponds.

Fertigation Units

  • Allows fertilizers to be injected directly into the irrigation water.

  • Installed downstream of filters to avoid clogging.

Flow Meters

  • Monitor water usage and flow rates for efficient scheduling and leak detection.

Pressure Gauges

  • Monitor pressure at strategic points (inlet, lateral ends) for system diagnostics.

Control Panels

  • Used in automated or semi-automated systems to schedule pump and valve operations.


5. Flow Line of Elements in a PINS System

A simplified flow sequence of elements in a typical pressurized irrigation network is as follows:

Water Source ↓ Pump (Centrifugal/Submersible) ↓ Non-Return Valve + Pressure Relief Valve ↓ Mainline Pipe (HDPE/PVC) ↓ Air Release Valves (at high points) ↓ Filter Unit (Sand/Disk/Screen) ↓ Fertigation Injector (optional) ↓ Sub-main Pipes ↓ Ball/Butterfly Valves (for block control) ↓ Lateral Lines with Drippers or Sprinklers ↓ Flush Valves (at end of lines)

This sequence ensures water is pumped, filtered, controlled, distributed, and monitored throughout the system for efficient delivery to plants.


Conclusion

A well-functioning Pressurized Irrigation Network System relies on the coordinated performance of multiple components — each with a specific role in ensuring hydraulic efficiency, water conservation, and crop productivity. From pumps that generate the necessary pressure to valves that regulate flow, and from pipelines that transport water to appurtenances that protect and monitor the system, each element must be carefully selected and configured.

Understanding the components and their correct sequence not only improves system reliability but also simplifies troubleshooting and future upgrades. As irrigation technology advances, these elements will become increasingly intelligent, automated, and integrated into broader farm management systems.

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