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Adaptive Traffic Signal Control | New Way To Reduce Traffic

1. Introduction Urban areas are increasingly grappling with the problem of traffic congestion, which not only leads to longer travel times but also results in excessive fuel consumption and harmful emissions. With cities growing in both size and population, efficient traffic management has become a priority for city planners. One of the most promising solutions to address this challenge is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC). By adjusting traffic light timings based on real-time data, ATSC significantly reduces delays and improves traffic flow, thus offering a smarter way to manage urban mobility. 2. What is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control? Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) is an advanced traffic management system designed to optimize traffic light timings in response to real-time traffic conditions. Unlike traditional systems that operate based on fixed schedules, ATSC uses real-time data to dynamically adjust traffic signals. This results in fewer traffic jams, smoother vehic
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Ingredients, functions and characteristics of good brick

Ingredients of good brick


The main ingredient of brick is clay which mainly consists silica and alumina. The brick clay shall be such that after drying, it should not shrink and do not show any shrinkage cracks.

The proportion of various ingredients are as follows


Functions of various ingredients


Silica
Silica gives brick it's strength, toughness and durability;
However, excess of silica makes the brick brittle and weak.

Alumina
Alumina gives brick plasticity when water is added;
Excess of alumina produces shrinkage cracks on drying.

Lime
Lime reduces the shrinkage on drying,
Lime causes silica in clay to melt on burning thus helps in binding,
Excess of lime causes brick to melt during burning results in losing of shape 

Magnesia
Magnesia barely 1%, affects the colour of brick yellow.

Iron
Iron gives red colour on burning when oxygen is available & dark brown when oxygen is insufficient,
Excess of iron makes the brick dark blue,
Improves impermeability and durability,
Gives strength and hardness.



Characteristics of good brick


Size and shape
Uniform size, plane rectangular surface, parallel sides, sharp and straight edges.

Colour
Uniform deep red colour (indicates proper chemical composition and burning)

Texture 
Compact and uniform texture 

Hardness and soundness
Should not make impression when scratched by finger nail, metallic sound should produced when stuck with another brick

Crushing strength
Not less than 10.5 N/mm²

Water absorption
Should not exceed 20 % of its dry weight when immersed in water for 24 hours.

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