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Adaptive Traffic Signal Control | New Way To Reduce Traffic

1. Introduction Urban areas are increasingly grappling with the problem of traffic congestion, which not only leads to longer travel times but also results in excessive fuel consumption and harmful emissions. With cities growing in both size and population, efficient traffic management has become a priority for city planners. One of the most promising solutions to address this challenge is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC). By adjusting traffic light timings based on real-time data, ATSC significantly reduces delays and improves traffic flow, thus offering a smarter way to manage urban mobility. 2. What is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control? Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) is an advanced traffic management system designed to optimize traffic light timings in response to real-time traffic conditions. Unlike traditional systems that operate based on fixed schedules, ATSC uses real-time data to dynamically adjust traffic signals. This results in fewer traffic jams, smoother vehic
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Classification of Bricks

Field practice of classification of 'Bricks'



First class bricks


Colour - Thoroughly burnt with deep red or copper colour

Edges - Sharp edges, smooth surface, rectangular with parallel and strait edges & square corners

Texture - Uniform

Abrasion resistance - No scratch should be made by finger nail

Water absorption - about and not more than 12-15 % of dry weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours

Sound - Mettalic or ringing sound when two bricks struck aginst each other

Crushing strength - Not less than 10.5 N/mm²

Uses - Exposed face work, ponting, flooring and reinforced brick work


Second class bricks


Usually second class bricks have more or less same properties as first class except that 

Water absorption - A little higher about 16-20 % of its dry weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours is allowed

Crushing strength - Not less than 7 N/mm²

Small cracks and irregularities are permitted

Uses - All normal masonry works, hidden masonry works and reinforced bricks


Third class bricks


These bricks are of poor quality than second class bricks

Colour - Light in colour 

Texture - Underburnt 

Abrasion resistance - soft, leaves impression when scratch by finger nail

Corners are round, and irregular edges

Water absorption - About 25 % of dry weight

Uses - for temporary structures only


Fourth class bricks


Texture - Overburnt 

Shape - Badly distorted in shape and size 

These bricks are brittle in nature 

Uses - As brick ballast for foundations and floors & road metal.

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