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Adaptive Traffic Signal Control | New Way To Reduce Traffic

1. Introduction Urban areas are increasingly grappling with the problem of traffic congestion, which not only leads to longer travel times but also results in excessive fuel consumption and harmful emissions. With cities growing in both size and population, efficient traffic management has become a priority for city planners. One of the most promising solutions to address this challenge is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC). By adjusting traffic light timings based on real-time data, ATSC significantly reduces delays and improves traffic flow, thus offering a smarter way to manage urban mobility. 2. What is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control? Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) is an advanced traffic management system designed to optimize traffic light timings in response to real-time traffic conditions. Unlike traditional systems that operate based on fixed schedules, ATSC uses real-time data to dynamically adjust traffic signals. This results in fewer traffic jams, smoother vehic
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Classification of soil

 

Size classification of soil

Soil is available in different sizes from small as 1 micron to big as 1 meter, shapes and different characteristics like porosity, strength etc. To understand the characteristics and uses of soil, classification is must needed.

Classifying the soil based on size is effective way to classify the different types of soil and know its aggregate properties.

Based on Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS), soil is classified into groups as Coarse, very coarse and fine, and further divided as shown in table below. The table confirms the classification of soil in which more than 50% material is satisfies the given size range. For ex, if more than 50% of soil is confirms size more than 0.075 mm or 75 microns, it is just aggregate classification of material.

Type of soil

Size of particle

Fine soil

Clay (C)

 

<0.002 mm

Silt (M)

 

0.002 – 0.075 mm

Coarse soil

Sand (S)

Fine

0.075 – 0.425 mm

Medium

0.425 – 0.200 mm

Coarse

0.200 – 4.750 mm

Gravel (G)

Fine

4.750 – 20 mm

Coarse

20 – 80 mm

Very coarse soil

Cobble

 

80 – 300 mm

Boulder

 

> 300 mm

Table: IS soil classification system based on size of particle.

Clay, silt, sand and gravel are represented by symbols C, M, S and G respectively.

The size of soil is increasing as from clay to boulder, so the properties of soil is also varying with size range, for ex, soil particle < 0.002 mm Clay possess plasticity, while big size particles like 80 – 300 mm Cobble, or >300 mm boulders does not possess plasticity.

Same representation can be shown graphically as shown below.

< 0.002 mm

0.200 – 0.075 mm

0.075 – 0.425 mm

0.425 – 0.200 mm

0.200 – 4.750 mm

4.750 – 20 mm

20 – 80 mm

80 – 300 mm

> 300 mm

 

 

Fine

Medium

Coarse

Fine

Coarse

 

Clay

Silt

Sand

Gravel

Cobble

Boulder










Figure: graphical representation of classification of soil based on size.

Based on USDA United States Department of Agriculture soil classification based on texture is represented by % separate of clay, silt and sand, as shown in figure below.

Figure : USDA classification of soil based on texture of soil.

Based on the amount of clay, sand and silt in %, we can classify soil using USDA soil classification triangle.
 

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